/aɪt/ sequences that sometimes flap end up with less dramatic F1 trajectories than those that never flap

Kamil Kaźmierski/ˌkamil kaʑˈmjɛrski/
Faculty of English at AMU in Poznań

Accents 2021 :: December 10th, 2021

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl
wa.amu.edu.pl/wa/kazmierski_kamil

1 / 25

PRICE raising

Before voiceless obstruents

sight [ʌi] (raised)

Elsewhere

side [aɪ] (not raised)

Joos (1942)

2 / 25

🔗 Map 10.37, ANAE

3 / 25

wide [waɪd]

4 / 25

wide [waɪd]

white [wʌit]

Examples from: 🔗 University of Washington/Northwestern University Corpus

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PRICE raising vs. flapping8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raising8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raisingride :: no raising8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raisingride :: no raisingwri[ɾ]er :: ???8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raisingride :: no raisingwri[ɾ]er :: ???writer vs. rider8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

rights, nightmare (~0%) < bite (bite it vs. bite this) < biting (~100%)

9 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

rights, nightmare (~0%) < bite (bite it vs. bite this) < biting (~100%)

Hypothesis: Raising is negatively correlated with flapping rate

rights, nightmare > bite > biting

(Cumulative Context Effect, cf. Raymond et al. 2016)

9 / 25

Method

Data: Buckeye (Pitt et al. 2007)
- 40 speakers, stratified for age (< 30, > 40) and gender (female, male) from Columbus, OH
- Midland (Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006) dialect area
- Hand-corrected allophonic transcriptions

Analysis:
- Corpus querying in Labb-CAT (Fromont & Hay 2012)
- 22,184 word tokens with PRICE retrieved
- 9 measurements (F1 & F2) per vowel taken (Praat integrated with Labb-CAT)
- Mixed-effects Generilized Additive Modeling (GAM) with mgcv (Wood 2017) in R (R Core Team 2021)

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Hypothesis 1️⃣Degree of raising is highest in words that never flap (rights), lower in words that variably flap (bite it, bite this), and lowest in words that almost always flap (biting)19 / 25

Result 1️⃣

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Hypothesis 2️⃣In the non-flapping environment, the degree of raising is higher in words that never flap (rights) than in words that variably flap (bite this)21 / 25

Result 2️⃣

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Result 2️⃣

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ConclusionsResult 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap
24 / 25

Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

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Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

Result 2️⃣: words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap, even in non-flapping environment

24 / 25

Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

Result 2️⃣: words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap, even in non-flapping environment

➡ frequency of occurrence in favoring (here: non-flapping) environment influences the extent of raising even outside that environment

24 / 25

Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

Result 2️⃣: words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap, even in non-flapping environment

➡ frequency of occurrence in favoring (here: non-flapping) environment influences the extent of raising even outside that environment

Result 2 requires rich storage: The phonological representation of words is shaped by their frequent phonetic realization.

24 / 25

Thank you!

In all environments:

👉 Raising is negatively correlated with flapping rate

In non-flapping environment only:

👉 Words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap

👉 This Cumulative Context Effect supports rich storage

This research was supported by an NCN grant no. 2017/26/D/HS2/00027

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl

25 / 25

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/aɪt/ sequences that sometimes flap end up with less dramatic F1 trajectories than those that never flap

Kamil Kaźmierski/ˌkamil kaʑˈmjɛrski/
Faculty of English at AMU in Poznań

Accents 2021 :: December 10th, 2021

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl
wa.amu.edu.pl/wa/kazmierski_kamil

1 / 25

PRICE raising

Before voiceless obstruents

sight [ʌi] (raised)

Elsewhere

side [aɪ] (not raised)

Joos (1942)

2 / 25

🔗 Map 10.37, ANAE

3 / 25

wide [waɪd]

4 / 25

wide [waɪd]

white [wʌit]

Examples from: 🔗 University of Washington/Northwestern University Corpus

4 / 25

5 / 25

6 / 25

7 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flapping8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raising8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raisingride :: no raising8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raisingride :: no raisingwri[ɾ]er :: ???8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flappingwrite :: raisingride :: no raisingwri[ɾ]er :: ???writer vs. rider8 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

rights, nightmare (~0%) < bite (bite it vs. bite this) < biting (~100%)

9 / 25

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

rights, nightmare (~0%) < bite (bite it vs. bite this) < biting (~100%)

Hypothesis: Raising is negatively correlated with flapping rate

rights, nightmare > bite > biting

(Cumulative Context Effect, cf. Raymond et al. 2016)

9 / 25

Method

Data: Buckeye (Pitt et al. 2007)
- 40 speakers, stratified for age (< 30, > 40) and gender (female, male) from Columbus, OH
- Midland (Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006) dialect area
- Hand-corrected allophonic transcriptions

Analysis:
- Corpus querying in Labb-CAT (Fromont & Hay 2012)
- 22,184 word tokens with PRICE retrieved
- 9 measurements (F1 & F2) per vowel taken (Praat integrated with Labb-CAT)
- Mixed-effects Generilized Additive Modeling (GAM) with mgcv (Wood 2017) in R (R Core Team 2021)

10 / 25

11 / 25

12 / 25

13 / 25

14 / 25

15 / 25

16 / 25

17 / 25

18 / 25

Hypothesis 1️⃣Degree of raising is highest in words that never flap (rights), lower in words that variably flap (bite it, bite this), and lowest in words that almost always flap (biting)19 / 25

Result 1️⃣

20 / 25

Hypothesis 2️⃣In the non-flapping environment, the degree of raising is higher in words that never flap (rights) than in words that variably flap (bite this)21 / 25

Result 2️⃣

22 / 25

Result 2️⃣

23 / 25

ConclusionsResult 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap
24 / 25

Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

24 / 25

Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

Result 2️⃣: words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap, even in non-flapping environment

24 / 25

Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

Result 2️⃣: words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap, even in non-flapping environment

➡ frequency of occurrence in favoring (here: non-flapping) environment influences the extent of raising even outside that environment

24 / 25

Conclusions

Result 1️⃣: most raising in words that never flap, least raising in words that usually flap

➡ flapping disfavors raising, phonetic voicelessness favors raising

Result 2️⃣: words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap, even in non-flapping environment

➡ frequency of occurrence in favoring (here: non-flapping) environment influences the extent of raising even outside that environment

Result 2 requires rich storage: The phonological representation of words is shaped by their frequent phonetic realization.

24 / 25

Thank you!

In all environments:

👉 Raising is negatively correlated with flapping rate

In non-flapping environment only:

👉 Words that variably flap show less raising than words than never flap

👉 This Cumulative Context Effect supports rich storage

This research was supported by an NCN grant no. 2017/26/D/HS2/00027

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl

25 / 25

PRICE raising

Before voiceless obstruents

sight [ʌi] (raised)

Elsewhere

side [aɪ] (not raised)

wide [waɪd]

wide [waɪd]

white [wʌit]

PRICE raising vs. flapping

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

ride :: no raising

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

ride :: no raising

wri[ɾ]er :: ???

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

ride :: no raising

wri[ɾ]er :: ???

writer vs. rider

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

Hypothesis: Raising is negatively correlated with flapping rate

Method

Hypothesis 1️⃣

Degree of raising is highest in words that never flap (rights), lower in words that variably flap (bite it, bite this), and lowest in words that almost always flap (biting)

Result 1️⃣

Hypothesis 2️⃣

In the non-flapping environment, the degree of raising is higher in words that never flap (rights) than in words that variably flap (bite this)

Result 2️⃣

Result 2️⃣

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Thank you!

PRICE raising

Before voiceless obstruents

sight [ʌi] (raised)

Elsewhere

side [aɪ] (not raised)

Help

“[aIt] flapping”

PRICE raising

Before voiceless obstruents

sight [ʌi] (raised)

Elsewhere

side [aɪ] (not raised)

wide [waɪd]

wide [waɪd]

white [wʌit]

PRICE raising vs. flapping

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

ride :: no raising

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

ride :: no raising

wri[ɾ]er :: ???

PRICE raising vs. flapping

write :: raising

ride :: no raising

wri[ɾ]er :: ???

writer vs. rider

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

PRICE raising vs. flapping

Flapping rate

Hypothesis: Raising is negatively correlated with flapping rate

Method

Hypothesis 1️⃣

Degree of raising is highest in words that never flap (rights), lower in words that variably flap (bite it, bite this), and lowest in words that almost always flap (biting)